THE MANCUSES ISSUED IN THE NAME OF THE ḤAMMŪDID CALIPHS: A CORDOBA–BARCELONA–KYIV CONNECTION. NEW PERSPECTIVES

The aim of this study is to provide a new perspective on the Barcelona mancuses minted in name Ḥammūdid caliphs al-Andalus, 5th/11th century. It has traditionally been thought that both their dates and choice types they imitate were random response mere economic issues. However, by considering chronology model analyzing them unique historical context which, unlike other Christian powers issued imitation coins, counts vassals Cordoba, we can conclude neither nor known mint names are “the result whim”, as some have stated, but rather responded policy alliances with different al-Andalus. They represent evidence recognition sovereignty caliphs, which has, at very least, legitimating value. Lastly, coin hoards prove circulated not only territory present-day Catalonia (the treasure Odena), also beyond its borders. This evidenced Kyiv, may well be reflection relations between Sephardic communities those principality Kyiv time when interest ancient Khazar kingdom reflected literature produced Sepharad.